PFAS Knowledge Base

Understanding PFAS

What they are, where they are found, and why eliminating them has become a global environmental priority.

Molecular Treatment

PFAS Molecular Structure

What Are PFAS?

PFAS molecules contain a long chain of carbon atoms fully bonded with fluorine atoms.

This strong carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature, making PFAS extremely stable and resistant to degredation.

Forever Chemicals

A family of more than 10,000 synthetic compounds designed to resist heat, water, oil, and degredation.

PFAS Molecule

Why PFAS Persist

Chemically Resilient

Resist thermal, chemical, and biological degredation

Highly Mobile

Can travel through soil and enter groundwater.

Globally Prevalent

Decades of commercial and industrial use have spread PFAS throughout the environment.

PFAS are Embedded in Modern Life

Since the 1940s, PFAS has been used in thousands of products and industrial processes because of their resistance to heat, water, and oil.

Everyday Products

  • Nonstick cookware
  • Waterproof clothing
  • Stain-resistant textiles
  • Food packaging
  • Cosmetics

Industrial Applications

  • Metal plating
  • Semiconductor manufacturing
  • Lubricants and hydraulic fluids
  • Photographic and printing materials

Firefighting Foam (AFFF)

  • Military bases
  • Airports
  • Refineries
  • Fire training facilities

How PFAS Move Through the Environment

Source

PFAS released from industrial and consumer users.

Soil

PFAS enter soil through spills, leaks, and deposits.

Groundwater

PFAS migrate into groundwater and spread over time.

Wildlife

PFAS accumulate in ecosystems and bioaccumulate.

People

Humans are exposed through water, food, and air.

The Lasting Effects of PFAS

PFAS exposure has been linked to a range of adverse health outcomes in humans and wildlife.

Immune System Effects

Hormonal Disruption

Links to Certain Cancers

Developmental Effects

Liver Effects

Regulation is Accelerating. So Is Liability

The Cost of Inaction

£11.65B+

PFAS-related settlements cited to date.

Enforecment Exposure

Remediation Costs

Litigation

Disclosure Risk

Operational Disruption

Snapshot: 17 Jul 2026 · Country shading reflects the stage of regulatory activity, not regulatory strictness or PFAS contamination. Unshaded countries are not necessarily inactive.

PFAS may be persistent.
Remediation does not have to be prohibitively complex.

PFAS Treatment Diagram

A Better Path Forward

Our platform delivers a proven, science-based approach to destroy PFAS at the source.

Targeted Treatment

Address PFAS in complex water and waste streams.

Scalable Deployment

Flexible systems designed for fast, efficient deployment.

Sustainable Destruction

Proprietary technology that destroys PFAS, not just remove it.

Ready to Address PFAS Contamination?

Talk with the Anthera team about your site, waste stream, or remediation requirements.

Gareth Hughes

Gareth Hughes

Commercial Director

Gareth is an investment and advisory professional with 40+ years’ experience across financial services, natural capital, and clean/climate technologies. He co-founded Climate Change Capital in 2002 and has been Managing Partner at Beetle Capital Partners LLP since 2008, with a proven track record in pioneering innovation in sustainability, scaling transformative businesses, and navigating complex multi-stakeholder environments. 

Throughout his career, Gareth has developed close collaborative relationships with academic researchers and policy makers, to spearhead groundbreaking projects that have paved the way for advancements in environmental technologies, including the launch of a number of successful startups. He now focuses on supporting entrepreneurs and early-stage companies on their journey to Series A.

Leonardo Grazzini

Leonardo Grazzini

Finance & Operations Director

Leonardo brings nearly 15 years of experience identifying and seizing opportunities, building high-performance teams, and developing systems and processes that create efficiencies, increase productivity, and drive business results to his role at A.R.T.

After almost a decade-long career in Morgan Stanley, Leonardo obtained an MBA from Imperial College to pursue his passion for translating science into impactful outcomes. 

He brings proven expertise in strategic financial planning, funding initiatives, and leading high-performing teams to achieve critical financial objectives and operational excellence.

At A.R.T., Leonardo utilizes his extensive experience in financial and business planning, resource allocation, and financial reporting to provide strategic direction, decision-support, and leadership for the company’s growth strategy.

Dr. David Holmes

Dr. David Holmes

Chief Scientific Advisor

An environmental scientist with over 11 years of post-graduate experience, David brings hands-on expertise in managing complex remediation projects, having served as technical lead on several large-scale sites.

He previously managed an R&D laboratory for a remediation contractor, overseeing multiple PFAS-related projects, including assessments of destructive processes and stabilization methods.

Building on his experience with NAPL remediation and the challenges encountered in the field, David developed an innovative LNAPL probe, earning the 2017 Brownfield Briefing Award and the 2019 Spill Response Innovation Award for its development, commercialization, and successful application.

His recent work for a nuclear-sector client includes project management for the development of new treatment media to mitigate a radioactive groundwater plume. David also collaborates with several UK universities, guest lecturing to postgraduate groups and supervising MSc research projects—15 of which he has guided to completion.

He holds a PhD in Civil Engineering from the University of Southampton and currently serves as Chair of the SoBRA NAPL Sub-Group and a member of CIWEM’s Contaminated Land Technical Group.

Dr. Cecilia MacLeod

Dr. Cecilia MacLeod

Managing Director

An environmental geochemist with over 40 years of experience in contamination assessment and remediation, Cecilia has been actively engaged in PFAS investigation and research since 2005. While completing her PhD at Princeton University, she played a key role in evaluating and reclaiming disused gravel pits using digested sewage sludge through a joint initiative with the U.S. Geological Survey and the New Jersey Governor’s Task Force.

During her postdoctoral work at Imperial College, Cecilia managed microbiology research for PhD and MSc students, later developing a successful MSc program in Water, Waste, and Environmental Engineering at the University of Greenwich. She has also collaborated academically with the University of Nottingham and Manchester Metropolitan University.

Beyond academia, Cecilia has served as Technical Director for both WYG and Arcadis. She currently sits on the CIRIA PFAS Working Group, where she contributed to the technical review of CIRIA’s recently published PFAS guidance. In addition, she chairs the Steering Committee for projects focused on Climate Change and Development and the Management of Microplastics.